This page summarises publicly available NHS information for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice or a diagnosis. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
What is kidney stones?
Kidney stones are hard, stone-like lumps that form in the kidneys when waste products in the blood collect into crystals. Small kidney stones may pass without you noticing, but larger stones can cause severe pain in the side of your tummy or back, pain that comes and goes in waves, feeling sick or vomiting, blood in your urine, and a high temperature if infection develops. Most kidney stones can be passed naturally with plenty of fluids, but larger stones may need hospital treatment.
When NHS resources suggest seeing a GP
- You have severe pain in your side, back, or groin that comes in waves
- You have blood in your urine
- You feel sick or are vomiting with the pain
- You have a high temperature along with the pain
- You are unable to urinate or only pass small amounts
- You have pain that will not go away with over-the-counter painkillers
Self-care information from NHS
- Drink plenty of water — aim for 2 to 3 litres a day to help flush stones
- Take paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain (follow label instructions)
- Add fresh lemon juice to water — citric acid may help break down some stones
- Reduce salt and animal protein in your diet if you get stones often
- Avoid oxalate-rich foods in excess if advised (spinach, rhubarb, nuts)
- Stay active — regular movement may help reduce stone formation
Common questions
How long does it take to pass a kidney stone?
Small stones (under 4mm) often pass within 1 to 2 weeks with plenty of fluids. Larger stones may take longer or need medical treatment. Pain can come and go as the stone moves through the urinary tract.
What causes kidney stones?
Kidney stones form when waste products in urine don't dissolve properly, often due to not drinking enough fluids. Risk factors include a family history, certain diets high in salt or protein, some medical conditions, and some medications.
How painful is passing a kidney stone?
Kidney stone pain is often described as one of the most severe pains — sometimes compared to childbirth. Pain usually comes in waves and may be felt in the side, back, groin, or lower abdomen.
Can kidney stones go away on their own?
Most small kidney stones (under 4mm) pass on their own with plenty of water. Larger stones or stones causing blockage, infection, or severe symptoms may need medical intervention.
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This page is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional about your individual situation. NorMed organises publicly available NHS information and is not affiliated with the NHS.